# Statitical Learning Theory Note by Hisashi Kashima

The course was taught in Spring 2017. The course material is here.

# Apr. 17

## Represent discrete input by one-hot encoding

If an input has $N$ possible discrete value, we should encode the $i$-th value as

In essence, we introduce an $N$-dimensional binary-valued subspace for the input.

It is not possible to represent it as an variable in $\mathbb{Z}_N$ because it is embedded in $\mathbb{R}$ and will introduce magnitude.

# Regularization in Ridge regression

Ridge regression share the idea of weight decay in machine learning. But their starting points differ.

## Include penalty on the norm of weights $w$ to avoid instability

when we introduce the regularization term, it will lead to new solution.

I originally thought that a small enough $\lambda$ should both ensure the stability of solution and approximate the original solution. But actually the $\lambda$ here can be plugged back to the original loss function. The loss function will become

The latter one is simply the weight decaying factor in machine learning.